Sources
Alfalfa | PubMed – Aqueous extract of alfalfa…in streptozotocin‑induced diabetic rats (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28203391/) ; PubMed – Hypocholesterolemic effect of alfalfa seeds…(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3606731/) ; PubMed – In vitro antioxidant properties of Medicago sativa L. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378828/) ; PubMed – Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) ameliorates iron‑deficiency anemia in mice (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33206897/)
American Ginseng | USDA Forest Service – Long Live American Ginseng! (https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/americanginseng/index.shtml) ; MedlinePlus – American Ginseng (https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/967.html) ; LiverTox – Ginseng (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548200/)
Arnica | WebMD – Arnica (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-721/arnica) ; NCCIH – Homeopathy (includes arnica) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/homeopathy)
Ashwagandha | NCCIH – Ashwagandha (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ashwagandha) ; WebMD – Ashwagandha (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-953/ashwagandha)
Astragalus | NCCIH – Astragalus (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/astragalus) ; WebMD – Astragalus (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-963/astragalus)
Bee Balm | Missouri Botanical Garden – Monarda didyma (Bee Balm) (https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plantfinder/plantfindersearch.aspx?term=Monarda%20didyma) ; WebMD – Oswego Tea (Bee Balm) (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1600/oswego-tea)
Bilberry | NCCIH – Bilberry (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/bilberry) ; WebMD – Bilberry (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-202/bilberry)
Burdock | WebMD – Burdock (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-57/burdock); Drugs.com – Burdock (https://www.drugs.com/npp/burdock.html)
Calendula | WebMD – Calendula (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-235/calendula)
Catnip | WebMD – Catnip (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-831/catnip) ; RxList – Catnip (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/catnip.htm) ; Drugs.com – Catnip (https://www.drugs.com/npp/catnip.html)
Cayenne Pepper | WebMD – Capsicum (Cayenne) (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-945/capsicum) ; Healthline – 6 Potential Health Benefits of Cayenne Pepper (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/8-benefits-of-cayenne-pepper)
Celery Seed | WebMD – Celery (seed) (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-882/celery) ; Drugs.com – Celery: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/celery.html)
Chamomile | NCCIH – Chamomile (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/chamomile) ; WebMD – Roman Chamomile (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-752/roman-chamomile)
Chaste Tree Berry (Chasteberry / Vitex) | NCCIH – Chasteberry (fact sheet PDF) (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-gpo29915/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-gpo29915.pdf) ; WebMD – Vitex agnus‑castus (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-968/vitex-agnus-castus)
Cinnamon | NCCIH – Cinnamon (fact sheet PDF) (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-gpo30019/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-gpo30019.pdf) ; WebMD – Cassia Cinnamon (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1002/cassia-cinnamon) ; WebMD – Ceylon Cinnamon (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-330/ceylon-cinnamon)
Cloves | WebMD – Clove (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-251/clove) ; Healthline – Benefits of Cloves (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/benefits-of-cloves)
Comfrey | NCCIH – Know the Science (liver safety note incl. comfrey) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/know-the-science-of-complementary-health-approaches-science) ; WebMD – Comfrey (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-295/comfrey) ; LactMed – Comfrey (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501773/)
Coriander (Cilantro) | WebMD – Coriander (Health Benefits) (https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-coriander) ; Healthline – 8 Surprising Health Benefits of Coriander (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coriander-benefits) ; WebMD – Cilantro (https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-cilantro)
Cranberry | NCCIH – Cranberry (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cranberry) ; WebMD – Cranberry (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-958/cranberry) ; FDA – Qualified Health Claim for Cranberry & UTIs (https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-announces-qualified-health-claim-certain-cranberry-products-and-urinary-tract-infections)
Damiana | WebMD – Damiana (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-703/damiana) ; MSKCC – Damiana (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/damiana) ; Drugs.com – Damiana (https://www.drugs.com/npp/damiana.html) ; RxList – Damiana (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/damiana.htm)
Dandelion | NCCIH – Dandelion: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/dandelion) ; WebMD – Dandelion (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-706/dandelion) ; Drugs.com – Dandelion (https://www.drugs.com/npp/dandelion.html) ; NCCIH – Dandelion (fact sheet PDF) (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-LPS112601/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-LPS112601.pdf)
Devil’s Claw | WebMD – Devil’s Claw (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-984/devils-claw) ; NCCIH – Tips: Nutritional Approaches for Musculoskeletal Inflammation (devil’s claw) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/tips-what-you-need-to-know-about-nutritional-approaches-for-musculoskeletal-inflammation) ; NCCIH – Low-Back Pain and Complementary Health Approaches (devil’s claw) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/low-back-pain-and-complementary-health-approaches-what-you-need-to-know) ; MSKCC – Devil’s Claw (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/devil-claw) ; PubMed – Devil’s Claw review (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17212570/) ; PMC – Devil’s Claw review (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9182060/)
Dong Quai | WebMD – Dong Quai (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-936/dong-quai) ; MSKCC – Dong Quai (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dong-quai) ; LactMed – Dong Quai (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501836/) ; Drugs.com – Dong Quai (https://www.drugs.com/npp/dong-quai.html) ; NCCIH – Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth (mentions dong quai) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/menopausal-symptoms-in-depth) ; NCCIH – 4 Things To Know About Menopausal Symptoms (mentions dong quai) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/things-to-know-about-menopausal-symptoms-and-complementary-health-practices) ; NCI – Dong quai (definition) (https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/dong-quai)
Dragon’s Blood | WebMD – Dragon’s Blood (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-30/dragons-blood) ; LiverTox – Dragon’s Blood (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK604848/) ; Healthline – Dragon’s Blood (https://www.healthline.com/health/dragons-blood) ; PubMed – Dragon’s blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18060708/) ; WebMD – Sangre de grado (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-755/sangre-de-grado)
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) | EMA HMPC – European Union herbal monograph on Echinacea purpurea herba recens (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-echinacea-purpurea-l-moench-herba-recens_en.pdf) ; PMC – Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4441164/)
Echinacea (Echinacea spp.) | NCCIH – Echinacea: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/echinacea) ; Cochrane Library – Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3/full) ; MSKCC – Echinacea (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/echinacea)
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) | NCCIH – Elderberry: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/elderberry) ; Drugs.com – Elderberry: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects (https://www.drugs.com/npp/elderberry.html)
Elecampane (Inula helenium) | WebMD – Elecampane (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-2/elecampane) ; Drugs.com – Elecampane: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/elecampane.html)
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) | NCCIH – Evening Primrose Oil: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil) ; MSKCC – Evening Primrose Oil (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/evening-primrose-oil)
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) | WebMD – Fennel (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-311/fennel) ; Drugs.com – Fennel: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects (https://www.drugs.com/npc/fennel.html) ; PMC – Foeniculum vulgare Mill.: A review (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4137549/)
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) | NCCIH – Fenugreek: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek) ; MSKCC – Fenugreek (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/fenugreek)
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) | NCCIH – Feverfew: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/feverfew) ; Cochrane – Feverfew for preventing migraine (https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD002286_feverfew-preventing-migraine)
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) | NCCIH – Flaxseed and Flaxseed Oil (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/flaxseed-and-flaxseed-oil) ; Mayo Clinic – Flaxseed and flaxseed oil (https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-flaxseed-and-flaxseed-oil/art-20366457)
Fo-Ti / He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) | LiverTox – Polygonum multiflorum (Fo-Ti) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548795/) ; WebMD – Fo-Ti (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-768/fo-ti)
Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) | MSKCC – Boswellia (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/boswellia) ; NCCIH – Boswellia: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/boswellia)
Garlic | NCCIH – Garlic: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/garlic); MSKCC – Garlic (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/garlic); Cochrane – Garlic for Hypertension (https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD007653_garlic-hypertension)
Gentian | EMA – Gentianae radix (Gentian root) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/gentianae-radix); European Union herbal monograph on Gentiana lutea L., radix (PDF) (https://www.fitoterapia.net/archivos/201905/european-herbal-monograph-gentiana-lutea-l-radix-revision-1_en.pdf?1=); WebMD – Gentian (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-716/gentian); Drugs.com – Gentian (https://www.drugs.com/npp/gentian.html)
Ginger | NCCIH – Ginger: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger); MSKCC – Ginger (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ginger); NCBI Bookshelf – The Amazing and Mighty Ginger (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92775/)
Ginkgo | NCCIH – Ginkgo: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginkgo); MSKCC – Ginkgo (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ginkgo); Cochrane – Ginkgo biloba for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003120.pub3/full)
Ginseng (Asian) | NCCIH – Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/asian-ginseng); LiverTox – Ginseng (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548200/); WebMD – Panax Ginseng (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1000/panax-ginseng)
Goldenseal | NCCIH – Goldenseal: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/goldenseal); MSKCC – Goldenseal (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/goldenseal); Drugs.com – Goldenseal (https://www.drugs.com/npp/goldenseal.html)
Grape Leaf | EMA – Vitis viniferae folium (Grapevine leaf) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/vitis-viniferae-folium); RxList – Grape Leaf (https://www.rxlist.com/grape_leaf/supplements.htm); PubMed – Red Vine Leaf Extract (AS 195) RCT (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10719612/)
Gravel Root | WebMD – Gravel Root (Eupatorium purpureum) (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-672/gravel-root)
Green Tea | NCCIH – Green Tea: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/green-tea); WebMD – Green Tea (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-960/green-tea); Cochrane – Green Tea for Weight Loss (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235664/)
Gumweed | European Medicines Agency – Community herbal monograph on Grindelia robusta, G. squarrosa, G. humilis, G. camporum, herba (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/draft-community-herbal-monograph-grindelia-robusta-nutt-grindelia-squarrosa-pursh-dunal-grindelia-humilis-hook-et-arn-grindelia-camporum-greene-herba_en.pdf) ; RxList – Gumweed: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/gumweed.htm)
Hawthorn | European Medicines Agency – Crataegi folium cum flore – herbal medicinal product (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/crataegi-folium-cum-flore) ; NCCIH (NIH) – Herbs at a Glance: Hawthorn [PDF] (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-LPS112631/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-LPS112631.pdf)
Hawthorn | Memorial Sloan Kettering – About Herbs: Hawthorn (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/hawthorn) ; European Medicines Agency – Crataegi folium cum flore – herbal medicinal product (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/crataegi-folium-cum-flore)
Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) | Drugs.com – Hibiscus Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/hibiscus.html) ; PubMed Central – Physiological Effects and Human Health Benefits of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A Review (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9724482/)
Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum / Tulsi) | WebMD – Holy Basil: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1105/holy-basil) ; PubMed Central – The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567597/)
Hops (Humulus lupulus) | European Medicines Agency – Lupuli flos – herbal medicinal product (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/lupuli-flos) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – About Herbs: Hops (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/hops)
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) | European Medicines Agency – European Union herbal monograph on Aesculus hippocastanum L., semen (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-aesculus-hippocastanum-l-semen-final-revision-1_en.pdf) ; NCCIH (NIH) – Horse Chestnut: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/horse-chestnut)
Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) | European Medicines Agency – Equiseti herba – herbal medicinal product (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/equiseti-herba) ; Drugs.com – Horsetail Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/horsetail.html)
Hydrangea | WebMD – Hydrangea: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-663/hydrangea) ; RxList – Hydrangea: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/hydrangea.htm)
Hyssop | WebMD – Health Benefits of Hyssop (https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-hyssop) ; Drugs.com – Hyssop Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/hyssop.html)
Juniper | European Medicines Agency – Final European Union herbal monograph on Juniperus communis L., galbulus (pseudo-fructus) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-juniperus-communis-l-pseudo-fructus-galbulus-revision-1_en.pdf) ; Drugs.com – Juniper Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/juniper.html)
Kava Kava | NCCIH – Kava: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/kava) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – Kava (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/kava)
Kava | NCCIH – Kava: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/kava) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – Kava (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/kava)
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) | NCCIH – Lavender: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender) ; European Medicines Agency – Lavandulae aetheroleum (herbal medicinal product) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/lavandulae-aetheroleum)
Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) | NCCIH – Lavender: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – Lavender (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/lavender)
Lemon Balm | WebMD – Lemon Balm: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-437/lemon-balm) ; LiverTox – Lemon Balm (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK600583/)
Licorice | Memorial Sloan Kettering – Licorice (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/licorice) ; NCCIH – Licorice Root [PDF] (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-gpo29338/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_7250-PURL-gpo29338.pdf)
Linden (Flower) | European Medicines Agency – Assessment report on Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. × vulgaris (Tiliae flos) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-tilia-cordata-miller-tilia-platyphyllos-scop-tilia-x-vulgaris-heyne-or-their-mixtures-flos-first-version_en.pdf) ; Drugs.com – Linden: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/linden.html)
Lobelia | Memorial Sloan Kettering – About Herbs: Lobelia (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/lobelia) ; WebMD – Lobelia: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-231/lobelia)
Maca | Memorial Sloan Kettering – About Herbs: Maca (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/maca) ; PubMed Central – A comprehensive review of the effects of maca (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10910417/)
Mallow and Marshmallow | European Medicines Agency – Malva sylvestris/Malva neglecta (Malvae folium) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/malvae-folium) ; Drugs.com – Mallow: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/mallow.html) ; European Medicines Agency – Althaea officinalis L., radix (Marshmallow root) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-althaea-officinalis-l-radix_en.pdf) ; WebMD – Marshmallow: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-774/marshmallow)
Marshmallow | European Medicines Agency – Althaea officinalis L., radix (Marshmallow root) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-althaea-officinalis-l-radix_en.pdf) ; EMA – Marshmallow root: Summary for the public (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-summary/marshmallow-root-summary-public_en.pdf) ; WebMD – Marshmallow (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-774/marshmallow)
Meadowsweet | European Medicines Agency – Filipendula ulmaria (herba/flos) assessment report (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-filipendula-ulmaria-l-maxim-herba-and-filipendula-ulmaria-l-maxim-flos-first-version_en.pdf) ; Drugs.com – Meadowsweet: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/meadowsweet.html)
Milk Thistle | NCCIH – Milk Thistle: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/milk-thistle) ; LiverTox – Milk Thistle (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548817/) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – About Herbs: Milk Thistle (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/milk-thistle)
Moringa | Memorial Sloan Kettering – About Herbs: Moringa oleifera (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/moringa-oleifera) ; Drugs.com – Moringa: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/moringa.html)
Motherwort | European Medicines Agency – Leonurus cardiacae herba (Motherwort) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/leonuri-cardiacae-herba) ; WebMD – Motherwort: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-126/motherwort)
Mugwort | NCCIH – Mugwort: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/mugwort) ; Drugs.com – Chinese Mugwort: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/chinese-mugwort.html) ; WebMD – Mugwort: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-123/mugwort)
Myrrh | Memorial Sloan Kettering – Myrrh (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/myrrh) ; Drugs.com – Myrrh: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/myrrh.html) ; WebMD – Myrrh (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-570/myrrh)
Neem | Memorial Sloan Kettering – Neem (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/neem) ; NPIC – Neem Oil General Fact Sheet (https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/neemgen.html) ; NCBI Bookshelf – Neem (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/)
Nettle | Memorial Sloan Kettering – Nettle (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/nettle) ; NCCIH – 5 Tips: Complementary Approaches for BPH (mentions stinging nettle) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/tips-what-you-should-know-about-complementary-health-approaches-for-bph) ; LiverTox – Stinging Nettle (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589898/)
Oat Straw | EMA – Community herbal monograph on Avena sativa L., herba (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-avena-sativa-l-herba_en.pdf) ; Drugs.com – Oats (https://www.drugs.com/npp/oats.html) ; WebMD – Oats (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-814/oats)
Olive Leaf | EMA – Oleae folium (Olive leaf) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/oleae-folium) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – Olive Leaf (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/olive-leaf) ; Drugs.com – Olive Leaf (https://www.drugs.com/npc/olive-leaf.html)
Oregon Grape | WebMD – Oregon Grape (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-493/oregon-grape) ; RxList – Oregon Grape (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/oregon_grape.htm) ; PMC – Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Mahonia aquifolium for Psoriasis (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6334833/)
Oregon Grape (Mahonia spp.) | WebMD – Oregon Grape (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-493/oregon-grape) ; RxList – Oregon Grape (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/oregon_grape.htm)
Panax Ginseng | NCCIH – Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/asian-ginseng) ; LiverTox – Ginseng (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548200/) ; WebMD – Panax Ginseng (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1000/panax-ginseng)
Parsley | WebMD – Parsley (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-792/parsley) ; Drugs.com – Parsley (https://www.drugs.com/npp/parsley.html) ; PMC – Exploring the Therapeutic Efficacy of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10856782/)
Passionflower | NCCIH – Passionflower (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower) ; EMA – Passiflorae herba (Passion flower) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/passiflorae-herba) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – Passionflower (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/passionflower)
Peony | WebMD – Peony: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-32/peony) ; EMA – Assessment report on Paeonia lactiflora (radix) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-paeonia-lactiflora-pallas-radix-paeoniae-radix-alba_en.pdf)
Peppermint | NCCIH – Peppermint Oil (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint-oil) ; WebMD – Peppermint: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-705/peppermint) ; EMA – Monograph on Mentha × piperita L., aetheroleum (PDF) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-mentha-x-piperita-l-aetheroleum-revision-1_en.pdf)
Peppermint | NCCIH – Peppermint Oil (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint-oil) ; WebMD – Peppermint: Uses, Side Effects, and More (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-705/peppermint) ; EMA – Monograph on Mentha × piperita L., aetheroleum (PDF) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-mentha-x-piperita-l-aetheroleum-revision-1_en.pdf)
Pine Pollen | PubMed – Pine pollen polysaccharide: bioactivities review (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39396591/) ; PMC – Antiaging effect of pine pollen in cells and mice (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3345248/) ; PubMed – Antioxidant & anti-inflammatory activity of pine pollen (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19107823/)
Plantain | EMA – Plantaginis lanceolatae folium (Ribwort plantain) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/plantaginis-lanceolatae-folium) ; Drugs.com – Plantain: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/plantain.html) ; WebMD – Great Plantain (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-677/great-plantain)
Psyllium | EMA – Plantago ovata (ispaghula husk) monograph (PDF) (https://www.fitoterapia.net/archivos/201703/wc500146514.pdf?1=) ; EMA – Psyllii semen (psyllium seed) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/psyllii-semen) ; MedlinePlus – Psyllium (https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601104.html)
Pumpkin | EMA – Cucurbita pepo L., semen (pumpkin seed) monograph (PDF) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-cucurbita-pepo-l-semen_en.pdf) ; Drugs.com – Pumpkin: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/pumpkin.html) ; WebMD – Pumpkin (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-810/pumpkin)
Puncture Vine | MSKCC – Tribulus terrestris (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/tribulus-terrestris) ; WebMD – Tribulus terrestris: Uses and Risks (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/tribulus-terrestris-uses-and-risks) ; Int. J. Impotence Research – 2025 meta-analysis on Tribulus for ED (PDF) (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-025-01086-7.pdf)
Red Clover | NCCIH – Red Clover (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/red-clover) ; MSKCC – Red Clover (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/red-clover)
Red Raspberry | EMA – Community Herbal Monograph: Rubus idaeus L., folium (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-rubus-idaeus-l-folium_en.pdf); NIH LactMed – Raspberry (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501785/); Drugs.com – Raspberry: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/raspberry.html)
Red Root | RxList – New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus) (https://www.rxlist.com/new-jersey-tea/supplements.htm); WebMD – New Jersey Tea (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1701/new-jersey-tea); USDA NRCS Plant Guide – New Jersey Tea (https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/cs_ceam.pdf)
Rehmannia | Drugs.com – Rehmannia (https://www.drugs.com/npp/rehmannia.html); WebMD – Rehmannia (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1542/rehmannia); PMC – Rehmannia glutinosa anti-aging effects (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6388079/)
Reishi Mushroom | MSKCC – Reishi Mushroom (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/reishi-mushroom); WebMD – Reishi Mushroom (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-905/reishi)
Rhodiola | NCCIH – Rhodiola (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/rhodiola); MSKCC – Rhodiola (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/rhodiola)
Rose Hips | Drugs.com – Rose Hip (https://www.drugs.com/npp/rose-hip.html); WebMD – Rose Hip (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-839/rose-hip); PMC – Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5485961/)
Rose | EMA – Community Herbal Monograph on Rosa flos (https://e-lactancia.org/media/papers/Rosa-EMA2014.pdf); PMC – Rosa damascena review (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833/)
Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinalis | EMA – Rosmarini folium (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/rosmarini-folium); Drugs.com – Rosemary (https://www.drugs.com/npp/rosemary.html); Kew – Rosemary (https://www.kew.org/plants/rosemary)
Rosemary | Salvia rosmarinus | Kew – Rosemary (https://www.kew.org/plants/rosemary); EMA – Rosmarini folium (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/rosmarini-folium)
Russian Sage | Perovskia atriplicifolia or Salvia yangii | Missouri Botanical Garden – Plant Finder (https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=e540); NCSU Extension – Salvia yangii (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-yangii/); MDPI Plants – Salvia yangii review (https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/9/1153)
Sage | Salvia officinalis | NCCIH – Sage: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/sage); EMA – Salviae officinalis folium (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/salviae-officinalis-folium)
Sarsaparilla | WebMD – Sarsaparilla (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-379/sarsaparilla) ; Drugs.com – Sarsaparilla: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/sarsaparilla.html) ; RxList – Sarsaparilla: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/sarsaparilla.htm)
Saw Palmetto | NCCIH – Saw Palmetto: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/saw-palmetto) ; European Medicines Agency – Sabalis serrulatae fructus (saw palmetto fruit) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/sabalis-serrulatae-fructus)
Siberian Ginseng (Eleuthero) | Memorial Sloan Kettering – Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/siberian-ginseng) ; LactMed (NIH) – Eleuthero (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501806/) ; WebMD – Eleuthero (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-985/eleuthero)
Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) | WebMD – Skullcap (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-986/skullcap) ; Drugs.com – Scullcap: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects (https://www.drugs.com/npc/scullcap.html) ; LiverTox (NIH) – Skullcap (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548757/)
Skullcap (Scutellaria laterifolia) | WebMD – Skullcap (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-986/skullcap) ; Drugs.com – Scullcap: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects (https://www.drugs.com/npc/scullcap.html) ; LiverTox (NIH) – Skullcap (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548757/)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) | WebMD – Slippery Elm (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-978/slippery-elm) ; Drugs.com – Slippery Elm: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/slippery-elm.html) ; LiverTox (NIH) – Slippery Elm (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599741/)
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) | NCCIH – St. John’s Wort: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort) ; European Medicines Agency – Hyperici herba (St. John’s wort) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/hyperici-herba-0)
Stinging Nettle (Leaf) (Urtica dioica) | European Medicines Agency – Urticae folium (nettle leaf) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/urticae-folium) ; Memorial Sloan Kettering – Nettle (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/nettle)
Teasel (Dipsacus spp.) | WebMD – Teazle (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-187/teazle) ; RxList – Teazle: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/teazle.htm) ; PubMed Central – Roots and Leaf Extracts of Dipsacus fullonum L.: Composition & Activity (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7020454/)
Turmeric | NCCIH – Turmeric: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric); EMA – European Union herbal monograph on Curcuma longa L., rhizoma (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-curcuma-longa-l-rhizoma-revision-1_en.pdf)
Uva Ursi | EMA – European Union herbal monograph on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-arctostaphylos-uva-ursi-l-spreng-folium-revision-2_en.pdf); NIH LactMed – Uva Ursi (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501903/)
Uva-Ursi | EMA – European Union herbal monograph on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-arctostaphylos-uva-ursi-l-spreng-folium-revision-2_en.pdf); NIH LactMed – Uva Ursi (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501903/)
Valerian | NCCIH – Valerian: Usefulness and Safety (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/valerian); EMA – Valerianae radix (valerian root) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/valerianae-radix)
Valerian | Valeriana spp. | MSKCC – Valerian (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/valerian); EMA – Valerianae radix (valerian root) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/valerianae-radix)
White Oak | WebMD – White Oak (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-498/white-oak); EMA – Quercus cortex (oak bark) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/quercus-cortex); USDA NRCS Plant Fact Sheet – WHITE OAK (Quercus alba) (https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_qual.pdf)
White Sagebrush and Wormwood | White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana) | USDA NRCS Plant Guide – WHITE SAGE (Artemisia ludoviciana) (https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_arlu.pdf); USFS FEIS – SPECIES: Artemisia ludoviciana (https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/artlud/all.html); NCSU Extension – Artemisia ludoviciana (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-ludoviciana/)
White Willow | EMA – European Union herbal monograph on Salix (cortex) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-salix-various-species-including-s-purpurea-l-s-daphnoides-vill-s-fragilis-l-cortex_en.pdf); Drugs.com – Willow Bark: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/willow-bark.html); NCCIH (provider digest) – Nutritional Approaches for Musculoskeletal Pain: Willow Bark (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/nutritional-approaches-for-musculoskeletal-pain-and-inflammation-science)
Wild Yam | MSKCC – Wild Yam (https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/wild-yam); Drugs.com – Wild Yam: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/wild-yam.html); PubMed – Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms (RCT) (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11428178/)
Yarrow | EMA – Millefolii flos (yarrow flower) (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/millefolii-flos); Drugs.com – Yarrow: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/yarrow.html); WebMD – Yarrow (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-151/yarrow)
Yellow Dock | Drugs.com – Yellow Dock: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/yellow-dock.html); WebMD – Yellow Dock (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-651/yellow-dock); PMC – Evaluation of the Bioactivities of Rumex crispus Leaves (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6885263/)
Yucca | Drugs.com – Yucca: Uses, Benefits & Dosage (https://www.drugs.com/npp/yucca.html); WebMD – Yucca (https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-734/yucca); PMC – Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Yucca schidigera (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1440857/)
